The zebra's white and black stripes have been an intriguing evolutionary puzzle in terms of biology.
According to today's scientific research, these stripes arose from a combination of several evolutionary factors, with the strongest evidence relating to the development of skin cells, temperature regulation, protection from mosquitoes and insects, and social identification.
1. Biological structure of stripes
The zebra's base color is actually black, and the white stripes are areas where melanin, the pigment-producing cells, is not produced.
During the embryo, the melanin-producing cells in the zebra's skin cells are activated or deactivated in specific ways. Where these cells are active, black stripes form. Where they are inactive, white stripes form.
All of this is determined by the interaction of genes and skin cells, specifically by a specific natural mechanism (similar to the stripes of a tiger or the spots of a leopard).
2. Evolutionary reasons
Scientists have put forward several theories, of which five stand out:
a) To repel insects and mosquitoes
Research has shown that tsetse flies and other blood-sucking mosquitoes are less likely to land on black-and-white striped bodies. These stripes change the polarization of light, which distracts the mosquitoes. This theory is considered the most widely accepted.
b) To control temperature
Black absorbs more heat, while white absorbs less. These subtle changes in temperature across the zebra's body create a gentle breeze that keeps the body cool. This is especially beneficial in hot African regions.
c) To confuse predators
When a herd of zebras is in motion, their stripes make it difficult for predators (lions, etc.) to judge distance and direction — this is called motion dazzle.
d) Social identity
Each zebra has a unique pattern of stripes, like human fingerprints. Through these stripes, zebras can recognize each other, mother and calf, or members of the herd.
e) Protection from parasites and infections
Some scientists believe that the stripes also protect against infection or insect eggs sticking to the skin.
3. Current scientific conclusion
According to various experimental evidence, zebra stripes are formed by a combination of several causes, but the strongest evidence favors "insect protection."
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